Quilt coverT2 copper barArea-World information network

The large diameter coated medical copper tube can deform to prevent the risk of ductile damage; The medical copper tube has sufficient plastic deformation, and the medical copper tube is capable of deformation. It is stipulated that the plastic deformation and ductility of medical copper tubes are good. Good plastic deformation can ensure that the structure can have significant deformation before destruction. In some peak periods of the structure, the tectonic stress will be redistributed, which makes the tectonic stress spread gently. Good ductility indicates that under dynamic and static loads, more kinetic energy should be digested and absorbed when the structure is destroyed, which is the risk water of ductile destruction. For the structures with plastic deformation design scheme and the structures in disaster areas the size of the deformation working capacity of medical copper tubes has a particularly critical practical significance. 3 Production and processing characteristics of medical copper tubes. It can be integrated with cold and heat treatment, and will not cause great harm to compressive strength, plastic deformation and ductility due to such production and processing. 4 Weldability of medical copper tube. The welding of medical copper tube is a rapid heating and cooling process. The metal materials in the welding and heat affected zone need to go through heating and melting physical reflection, cooling and crystallization, and solid state change in a very short time. The industry trend is a kind of medical copper tube. Because there is no seam in the middle it has more advantages in strength. Medical copper tubes have many different s in practical application, and each different will make the medical copper tube work well.Advantages of medical copper tubes: compared with solid copper tubes such as round steel, medical copper tubes have the same tensile strength, torsional strength, and their net weight is relatively light. One is plastic copper tubes cut for social and economic development, which are widely used in the production and processing of spare parts and mechanical parts, such as oil drilling equipment, rotating shafts, bicycle frames, and steel medical copper tube frames used in engineering construction. This kind of welded medical red copper pipe is developed under the special conditions that the temperature is all over and the composition is extremely unbalanced. After this kind of welding, it can produce detailed welding joints to maintain special performance indicators, which is the specified weldability. 5 Performance of medical copper tube. It refers to the service life of medical copper tube. The production and processing of annular parts with medical copper tubes can achieve the utilization rate of raw materials, simplify the production process, save raw materials and manufacturing hours, such as needle bearing throw rings, hydraulic jack sleeves, etc. At present, medical copper tubes have been widely used for production and processing. Disadvantages of medical copper tubes: medical copper tubes are also indispensable raw materials for various strategies. Drums must be produced and processed by medical copper tubes. Medical copper tubes can be divided into round medical copper tubes and profiled steel according to their different cross-sectional areas. Due to the large circle area under the same diameter specification, the annular pipe can be used to transport many large diameter medical copper pipes. Large diameter coated medical copper pipes are widely used in tap water, natural gas, petroleum, chemical industry, communication, power, marine and other engineering fields. There is no solvent in the coating and no leakage, so it will not pollute the medium transported, so it can be used in cold areas and other harsh conditions. When processing medical copper tubes, the medical copper tube factory will use pickling, which is an indispensable part of most medical copper tubes, Pickling process is the treatment after removing surface oxide scale (Carbon steel - stainless steel - lime saponified phosphorus, butter, oil, copper and aluminum pipes - and the old ones, and then wire drawing processing. Then what are the points to be noted when washing? 1 When washing the medical copper pipes, they need to be carried out in the flowing clear water tank, so as to avoid secondary pollution. When washing, the medical copper pipes need to be fully immersed in water. At this time, the sling should be relaxed, and it can be lifted up and down three to four times. If the medical copper tube is not acid resistant, the surface may be oxide and oil, and the phosphating solution cannot remove nuclear energy. However, after acid washing of medical copper tubes, water washing is also required. 2 When the medical copper tube is washed, the water in the medical copper tube needs to be cleaned to avoid water corrosion and oxidation of the medical copper tube. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out solvent treatment as soon as possible. 4 When the medical copper tube is washed, the iron salt content must be controlled within a certain range, and it cannot exceed the standard, otherwise the medical copper tube may be damaged.

The material cost of medical copper tube will not be less than 40 yuan. The better the material is, the higher the price will be. It is called &one cent, one cent&. Moreover in addition to the production and operation costs, factory rent, etc., you must pay attention to the quotation below 45 yuan/square. Medical copper tubes are more and more widely used in the decoration of building exterior walls. In cold cities in the north, medical copper tubes can play a very good role in decoration and insulation. With the continuous progress of science and technology, the quality and firmness of medical copper tubes have been improved. However, as long as the decoration materials are used, they will inevitably crack during installation and construction. As time goes by, there will be aging to varying degrees in daily life. Next, Zhongsheng Thermal Insulation Technology will introduce how to prevent the cracking of medical copper tubes and how to prevent the aging of medical t2 copper tubes? Let's talk about these two issues. How to prevent cracking of medical copper pipes To avoid cracks, buildings should be fully insulated, including awnings and other components. Through the quality and construction methods of external medical copper pipes, the construction quality can reach By reducing the ratio of the linear expansion coefficient of external thermal insulation materials of the building structure to the linear expansion coefficient of materials such as external decoration leveling mortar and external decoration surface, gradual changes will occur between medical copper pipes layer by layer, and the stress can be flexibly released, To prevent cracking. How to prevent medical copper tube from aging? The insulation layer of high-rise buildings shall have fire resistance , and shall have the characteristics of preventing fire spread and releasing smoke or toxic gas in case of fire. The strength and volume of materials shall not be reduced too much, and the surface shall not burst or collapse. Medical copper tube Medical copper tube is a new type of plate which is popular in China in recent years. It has many advantages, such as good heat preservation, fire insulation, sound insulation, convenient construction, etc., and is deeply welcomed by the industry. The medical copper pipe may fall during use. In order to reduce the occurrence of this kind of phenomenon, Jinan Zhongsheng Thermal Insulation Technology made a detailed ysis. Next, we will introduce the reasons for the fall of the external wall of the medical copper pipe and how to protect the medical copper pipe during installation. Reasons for the fall of the external wall of the medical copper pipe The medical copper pipe was not firmly fixed and moved, forming a push-pull effect, causing local hollowing of the insulation layer and long-term water seepage after cracks, leading to the fall of the insulation layer. 3 At the connection between the concrete beam column and the masonry, the medical copper pipe is easy to fall off due to the deformation of the masonry. 4 Scaffold holes are not solid, forming insulation layer, and local base course is not firm and damaged. 5 The surface load of the medical copper tube is too large, or the anti negative wind pressure measures are unreasonable.

Quilt cover.On October 16, according to the Economic and Information Commission of Shandong Province, at the end of September 2017, Shandong Province had resolved the overcapacity of 75 million tons of pig iron and 27 million tons of crude steel, and all the de capacity equipment had been shut down and withdrawn. On October 16, the Development and Reform Commission of Handan City released the 2017 Plan for Handan City to Eliminate Excess Iron and Steel Capacity. Statistics show that the iron making capacity of Handan in 2017 was 84 million tons and the steel making capacity was 54 million tons.

The surface coating of medical copper tube is very important. Observe its thickness, how to prevent the aging of medical copper tube? How to select the foam density of medical copper tube Good medical copper tube and foam density are very high and hard. Check the quality of aluminum zinc coated color steel plate on the surface. As exterior wall thermal insulation decorative plate. Then use your hand to break it up and down to see if it is easy to deform. If you break it with force, it will deform, which is not good. 3 See the price.

.Use the medical copper tube table to eat. Because of the unique of the medical copper tube, when the oil drops on the table, it will only stick to the table, but not penetrate the table. Only with a slight wipe of the rag, the oil stains will be easily disappeared. In this case when cleaning large canteens, and then carefully scrub it. t2 Medical Copper Tube Company thinks that the medical copper tube table is only made of the surface of the medical copper tube the liquidators do not need to spend much effort but are relaxed. They just need to prepare a rag and a basin of clean water, and its exterior is not made of the medical copper tube. The price is cheaper than the wooden table, which is extremely suitable for a small amount of purchase. The medical copper tube has a natural bright and beautiful feeling. The color is extremely blended, and can stop the very good embellishment and reaction with the color in the surrounding situations. Now, let's understand some STEPs of the appearance processing of medical copper tubes. There are about five different methods for the appearance processing of medical copper tubes. Connect to t2 Medical Copper Tube Company and introduce them to the master. In addition, these methods can also stop the combined processing and create more medical copper tubes with different appearances. No matter which method is used, the following STEPs should be followed. First, before processing, the agreement should be stopped with the manufacturer, and then a sample should be selected as the standard for future consumption. The second part, when using it, we should guarantee that the coils of the base we choose to use and the coils that are not yet used are the third of the same model and batch. If they are used in some construction, such as elevators, we should pay attention to the unexpected selection of materials. In some places with extraordinary contrast, it is not appropriate to use the mirror t2 medical copper tubes. When processing it is necessary to select the appropriate manufacturing process, such as weld grinding, how to restore the appearance. Class For the processing of the appearance of some textured t2 medical copper tubes, pay attention to the bias, which is also called unidirectionality. For example, if the lines used are vertical rather than horizontal, it is not easy to apply the dirty residue on the appearance of t2 medical copper tubes. It is extremely easy when they are clean. When finishing,Quilt cover321 stainless steel round steel, STEP of the process used should be added, so the cost also needs to be added. Therefore, when selecting the appearance of the processing, t2 Medical Copper Tube Company revealed that Panbo consumers should carefully select according to the situation, and when selecting the planning and design staff, they should have a full understanding of the appearance of t2 Medical Copper Tube. Since the birth of medical copper tube, it has been widely used in food, chemical industry, crude oil, machine manufacturing and other industries for its superior . It is precisely because of this kind of universal needs that people are increasingly demanding for medical copper tubes. Although this kind of situation is basically conducive to the development of the medical copper tube industry. Having said so much, the editor of this website will introduce the most popular technology in the medical copper tube industry -- the medical copper tube appearance fingerprint free disposal punishment technology. Mentioned here, I believe that many enemies have learned the greatest advantages of this kind of technology from the name. However, do you know that this is nothing more than a contrast of significant and abstract advantages. The most one-sided introduction is also my face. The medical copper tube after adopting this kind of technical treatment has a smooth appearance and soft hand feeling, and ordinary dust and impurities are not easy to adhere. Therefore, it is also extremely easy to clean. If the ordinary dust is probably dirt, just wipe it with a wet rag and you will lose the clean and smooth appearance. Because the implementation of this kind of craft is to use electroplating oil to shine the film on the red interior line, so it has the characteristics of being tough and not easily scratched. This prevents the possibility that some slight bumps may damage the medical copper tube. It also allows the medical copper tube to be used twice as quickly. Stop the fingerprint free disposal and punish the medical copper tube after the accident. It also loses great promotion in appearance. As the saying goes, a superior appearance can always leave the best impression. Therefore, compared with the medical copper tube after the punishment and the medical copper tube without the punishment, it can often be welcomed by customers and enemies.Hot rolling and hot expansion. The main processing procedures include the blank sawing process, and the production process of the air conditioning copper pipe in the tower mainly includes cold drawing. Ring furnace heating process, piercing process, pipe rolling process, sizing process, cooling bed process, straightening process, pipe cutting soot blowing process, magnetic flux leakage detection process, surface inspection, length measurement and weighing to packaging and warehousing. Key points: yield strength limit: when the external force borne by the air conditioning copper tube sample exceeds the elastic limit of the material, although the stress no longer increases, the sample still has obvious plastic deformation. This phenomenon is called yield, that is when the material bears an external force to a certain extent, its deformation is no longer in direct proportion to the external force resulting in obvious plastic deformation. The stress when the air conditioning copper pipe yields is called the yield strength limit, and the corresponding S point in the tensile test curve is called the yield point. For air conditioning copper pipes with high plasticity, there will be an obvious yield point on the tensile curve, while for materials with low plasticity, there will be no obvious yield point, so it is difficult to calculate the yield limit according to the external force at the yield point. Therefore, in the tensile test method, it is usually specified that the stress when the gauge length on the specimen produces 0.2% plastic deformation is taken as the conditional yield limit, expressed as 0. The yield limit index can be used as the design basis for requiring that the parts do not produce obvious plastic deformation during operation.

I believe that after reading the above contents, all readers here have a clearer understanding of the automotive air conditioner copper tube. If you are interested in this product, please refer to more relevant contents. Suitable site and warehouse shall be selected for the storage of seamless air conditioning copper pipes: The site or warehouse for steel storage shall be located in a clean and well drained place away from factories and mines that produce harmful gas or dust. With the rapid development of economy, the number of cars is also fast. Nowadays, people can't live without cars. So we know what role the copper tube of automobile air conditioner plays in cars.

The demand for t2 copper tubes is increasing. At the same time, in the market, the quality identification method of t2 copper tube for grid fittings is currently accompanied by rapid economic development. There are many kinds of sales, different types different purposes, when purchasing, you should be clear and have certain selection skills. Here we introduce the quality identification method of t2 copper tube. The color of t2 copper tube depends on the color of t2 copper tube. Although the external color is a visible factor, the color of the product is closely related to its production process and quality control. If the product is bright in color and high in glossiness, it is generally superior to the product with poor color. The t2 copper tube with uniform thickness should be selected. Because some small manufacturers are limited in technology and process, the casting process of t2 copper tube.

Quilt coverT2 copper barArea

The operation is very convenient. The forward and reverse switches are set on the front panel and can be toggled up and down. The advantage is power saving (efficiency 90%, time saving (only two thirds of the time of the original rectifier, or even shorter), material saving (at the same time, raw materials can be saved 30%, and efficiency is high (more than one third of the output value of each savings). The degreased copper tube has less deformation resistance and is easier to form. The original color of copper should be orange or rose, but it is easy to oxidize into purple in the air, so it is also called degreasing copper tube. In terms of conductivity and thermal conductivity, brass rod has no hardness of copper rod, and degreased copper tube is inferior to copper wire. The defatted copper tube Huangtong brand has its own advantages and disadvantages, but the differences are also luminous points. Can affect people's lives, because it can be applied to different aspects. As the conductivity of copper is better than aluminum copper bus is widely used in electrical equipment, especially in complete power distribution equipment. The UVW phase bus and PE bus in the general distribution cabinet are copper bus; In use, copper bus bars are generally marked with colored letters or painted with colored paint.

The copper pipe has high welding precision, fast production speed, good surface finish and beautiful appearance. Therefore, it is widely used in precision welding industries such as glasses, electronics, accessories, sanitary ware and kitchenware.

When cutting the copper pipe of air conditioner,Quilt cover310s stainless steel plate, use tools such as clamps to fix the copper bar and then cut it, rather than fixing it by hand, to prevent shaking and resulting in irregular cutting. 3 After the cutting of the air conditioner copper pipe is completed, the cut parts need to be placed in a dry place and then processed again after cooling, otherwise oxidation will occur due to high temperature. Liu Shuchen, director of the Resource Analysis Office of the Information Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, said that copper bar manufacturers are currently in a period of adjustment in China's mining industry as a whole. In the long run, the mining super cycle driven by China's demand has not changed, especially the growth rate of the country's economy. After the global economy may improve in the second half of the year, the global mining industry will rise again, and the W-shaped trend will fully emerge. In the second half of the year, there were signs of stabilizing and rebounding. In terms of the macro factors affecting the bulk commodities, the factors affecting the European market of tinned copper bars have gradually weakened, and the economic conditions of China and the United States have become the key factors affecting the bulk commodities. The European economic recession is a foregone conclusion, and the possibility of a crisis in the next period of time is also reduced. In recent years, the American market economy has shown the characteristics of better than expected in the first quarter and weaker than expected in the second quarter. Since January, the global price of medical copper tubes has gradually got rid of the main tone of this year's shock and decline. &Air conditioning copper tubes show signs of stabilizing and rebounding. The three-month copper on the London Metal Exchange once rebounded nearly 7% from the year's low point, and the market price has rebounded to around 7600 dollars per ton. Driven by this, products including aluminum, zinc and other products have also rebounded. Only nickel, a basic metal product, has remained weak.

market price.When cutting the copper pipe of air conditioner, use tools such as clamps to fix the copper bar and then cut it, rather than fixing it by hand, to prevent shaking and resulting in irregular cutting. 3 After the cutting of the air conditioner copper pipe is completed, the cut parts need to be placed in a dry place, and then processed again after cooling, otherwise oxidation will occur due to high temperature. Liu Shuchen, director of the Resource Analysis Office of the Information Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, said that copper bar manufacturers are currently in a period of adjustment in China's mining industry as a whole. In the long run, the mining super cycle driven by China's demand has not changed, especially the growth rate of the country's economy. After the global economy may improve in the second half of the year, the global mining industry will rise again, and the W-shaped trend will fully emerge. In the second half of the year, the factors affecting the European market of tinned copper bars have gradually weakened, and the economic conditions of China and the United States have become the key factors affecting the bulk commodities. The European economic recession is a foregone conclusion, and the possibility of a crisis in the next period of time is also reduced. In recent years, the American market economy has shown the characteristics of better than expected in the first quarter and weaker than expected in the second quarter. Since January, the global price of medical copper tubes has gradually got rid of the main tone of this year's shock and decline. &Air conditioning copper tubes show signs of stabilizing and rebounding. The three-month copper on the London Metal Exchange once rebounded nearly 7% from the year's low point, and the market price has rebounded to around 7600 dollars per ton. Driven by this, products including aluminum, zinc and other products have also rebounded. Only nickel, a basic metal product, has remained weak.

Copper tube can be strengthened by heat treatment, its strength is higher than that of copper tube, and its high temperature oxidation resistance is also better. When the aluminum content is greater than 7% and 8%, the strength increases, but the plasticity drops sharply. Therefore, it is mostly used as cast or after hot working. The abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance of copper tube in atmosphere, seawater, seawater carbonic acid and most organic acids are higher than those of copper tube. Copper tubes can be made.

Quilt coverT2 copper barArea

The demand for t2 copper tubes is increasing. At the same time, in the market, the quality identification method of t2 copper tube for grid fittings is currently accompanied by rapid economic development. There are many kinds of sales, different types, when purchasing, you should be clear and have certain selection skills. Here we introduce the quality identification method of t2 copper tube. The color of t2 copper tube depends on the color of t2 copper tube. Although the external color is a visible factor, the color of the product is closely related to its production process and quality control. If the product is bright in color and high in glossiness, it is difficult to ensure that the product thickness is uniform and neat. Therefore, the thickness is also an important factor to test the quality of the pattern plate. Later the casting process of t2 copper tube.

Recommendation and consultation.When cutting the copper pipe of air conditioner, use tools such as clamps to fix the copper bar and then cut it, rather than fixing it by hand, and then processed again after cooling the cut parts need to be placed in a dry place, otherwise oxidation will occur due to high temperature. Liu Shuchen, director of the Resource Analysis Office of the Information Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, said that copper bar manufacturers are currently in a period of adjustment in China's mining industry as a whole. In the long run, the mining super cycle driven by China's demand has not changed, especially the growth rate of the country's economy. After the global economy may improve in the second half of the year, the global mining industry will rise again, and the W-shaped trend will fully emerge. In the second half of the year, there were signs of stabilizing and rebounding. In terms of the macro factors affecting the bulk commodities, the factors affecting the European market of tinned copper bars have gradually weakened, and the economic conditions of China and the United States have become the key factors affecting the bulk commodities. The European economic recession is a foregone conclusion, and the possibility of a crisis in the next period of time is also reduced. In recent years, the American market economy has shown the characteristics of better than expected in the first quarter and weaker than expected in the second quarter. Since January, the global price of medical copper tubes has gradually got rid of the main tone of this year's shock and decline. &Air conditioning copper tubes show signs of stabilizing and rebounding. The three-month copper on the London Metal Exchange once rebounded nearly 7% from the year's low point, and the market price has rebounded to around 7600 dollars per ton. Driven by this, products including aluminum, zinc and other products have also rebounded. Only nickel, a basic metal product, has remained weak.

Reasons for copper pipe corrosion: Air pollution.

The utility model relates to a connecting structure in particular to a connecting structure of a copper tube and an aluminum row. At present, most of the copper aluminum transition joints have not been effectively protected. In this way, under the condition of long-time electrification and heating and affected by the water vapor or corrosive gas in the air, the parts at the connection point are more likely to be oxidized, resulting in the reduction of the effective contact area of the connection point, the increase of the contact resistance, and the excessive heating or even burning of the connection point.

Quilt cover.The surface coating of medical copper tube is very important. Observe its thickness, how to prevent the aging of medical copper tube? How to select the foam density of medical copper tube Good medical copper tube and foam density are very high and hard. Check the quality of aluminum zinc coated color steel plate on the surface. As exterior wall thermal insulation decorative plate. Then use your hand to break it up and down to see if it is easy to deform. If you break it with force, it will deform, which is not good. 3 See the price.

Four in one formula and process conditions Preparation of solution Take formula 1 as an example: mix the calculated amount of water for zinc oxide into a paste, slowly add it into the calculated amount of phosphoric acid under stirring until it is completely dissolved, then add zinc nitrate and tartaric acid, add sodium alkosulfonate and OP emulsion, and stir to make it completely dissolved. Then add chromium dihydrogen phosphate dissolved in dilute phosphoric acid, and add titanium sulfate. After all materials are added, dilute them to the total volume, stir them to make the solution even, cool them to room temperature, put a large amount of iron filings in the solution, and soak them for 2-3 days to make them contain enough ferrous ions. When the content of ferrous ion reaches above 7g/L, adjust the free acidity and total acidity of the solution to the specified value, and then the solution can be used at elevated temperature. When the ferrous ion reaches the above value, the solution is stable, and the phosphating film is fine and dense. During operation, attention shall be paid to controlling the temperature. If the temperature is higher than 70 ℃, the degreasing technology of degreased copper pipe. How to make degreased copper pipe? The process flow of degreased copper tube? What are the characteristics of degreased copper tubes? Use of degreased copper tube? There are too many questions. Let's solve them at once. Everyone knows the copper tube. Nitrate reacts easily. The heater should be installed on the two walls of the tank, not on the bottom of the tank, to prevent local overheating. Stainless steel pipe or iron pipe should be used for heater, and lead pipe or copper pipe should not be used to avoid contamination of solution by impurities. What is degreased copper pipe? &The advantages of degreased copper pipe's comprehensive treatment of grease, rust removal, phosphating and passivation are described. This comprehensive treatment process can simplify the process, reduce the work area, save equipment costs, shorten working hours, improve labor productivity and reduce costs. This method can only be used in the occasions where the requirements for coating quality are not high.However, in actual production, due to the amount of oil contamination, light and heavy rust, the consumption rate of each component in the solution is different, so attention should be paid to adjustment and control to maintain its due role. What is the degreasing copper tube? &I have roughly known the degreasing methods of degreasing copper tubes: solvent degreasing, alkali degreasing, ultrasonic degreasing, high pressure hot water degreasing, electrolytic degreasing, etc. 1 Solvent degreasing: use degreasing solvent to dissolve the oil on the surface of red copper pipe collect it together into a container, volatilize, collect and reuse the volatile solvent, and separate the pollutants from the circulation system. This method was used in the early stage, difficult maintenance, and environmental pollution. In recent years, many kinds of surfactants have been developed.

One of the classification of copper tubes. The common wave shape is a single copper tube. Hyperbolic means that two different arcs overlap on the same surface, that is, starting from different circle centers, draw arcs in two radii. The red copper tube is a module made of double curves designed according to the drawings. The red copper tube is light in weight, good in rigidity and high in strength. The shapes of the red copper tubes processed are different and can be processed into various geometric shapes such as arcs and spheres. It is beautiful elegant and colorful. Let's talk about the two main methods of processing and forming the copper tube: The hot processing and forming method is to roll the copper tube to a roughly hyperbolic shape, then heat it, then slowly beat it with a hammer finally cut, fold, polish and polish it. The whole process needs to be very careful to ensure the surface quality of the copper tube. This forming method is very suitable for parts with small model and large arc change. When the model size is relatively large and complex, it can be considered to break it into small pieces for forming, and then splice it into large pieces. For such copper pipes, the cost is high and the production period is long. 2 Forming method of roll bending This method is to make some modifications on the roll bending machine, and change one of the shafts into a concave type and the other into a convex type. This method can form a regular copper tube like a sphere, with a small processing range, but it has great advantages for copper tubes with small radians. What problems should be paid attention to when designing the hyperboloid copper tube? Everyone knows that the design of the air conditioning copper tube is very important. To achieve the beautiful shape, exquisite workmanship and fashionable personality of the hyperboloid copper tube, first of all, so they often have problems in design, Hyperbolic copper tube is very famous for preparing some details that we should pay attention to in the design. The sculpted copper tube is highly decorative, and the production and processing technology of hyperbolic shaped copper tube is relatively complex. Copper tube products with strong aesthetics. According to the design requirements, different shapes need to be molded for the sculpted copper tube, so the production process of sculpted aluminum veneer is relatively complex.