CaseresT2 copper plateSolutions to product problems

In future work, try to protect the surface of the copper tube.

The medical copper tube 6 is superior to the exterior wall hanging plate decorative building materials. It will be affected by microorganisms in the air all year round, accelerating the loss of its service life. 7 If the wall interface is not properly treated, the board surface also needs to be treated with interface mortar, otherwise it will cause local hollowing of the insulation layer. How to protect the medical copper tube during installation? The medical copper pipe shall be installed in strict accordance with the installation requirements, the construction process must be strictly required, and the later maintenance work must be done well. 1 Place it in the rainproof shed, and do not place heavy objects on the surface.

Caseres.The excellent performance of copper pipe The copper pipe has the characteristics of and, which makes it a suitable choice for modern contractors to install water pipes, heating and cooling pipes in all residential commercial housing.

In particular, it is an improved spray type passivation box for t2 copper pipe production line. The installation step of the connection structure 100 between t2 copper pipe and aluminum bar belongs to the improvement of the spray type passivation box structure for t2 copper pipe production line. The passivation solution spray box is set above the side of the passivation solution box, the passivation solution spray box with downward sloping bottom is connected with the inlet of the passivation solution box by the outlet set on the box wall at the bottom of the inclined bottom, the inlet of the passivation solution box is located on the box wall above the passivation solution box, the upper side of the passivation solution box is installed with a passivation pump, and the inlet pipe of the passivation pump is connected with the passivation solution box, The outlet pipe of the passivation pump is connected with the upper port of the passivation liquid spray box. With reasonable structure and convenient operation, it is convenient for operators to add passivation liquid to the passivation box, clean colloidal crystals at the bottom of the passivation box, avoid equipment blockage avoid crystals adhering to the zinc layer on the surface of galvanized pipe, and improve the surface quality of galvanized steel pipe.

.At the same time, it is also a necessary equipment in the family. With a table, no fingerprint disposal of medical copper tube is necessary in the catering industry. Only when you cook food can you have a place to enjoy it.

The utility model relates to a connecting structure, in particular to a connecting structure of a copper tube and an aluminum row. At present, most of the copper aluminum transition joints have not been effectively protected. In this way, under the condition of long-time electrification and heating and affected by the water vapor or corrosive gas in the air, the parts at the connection point are more likely to be oxidized, resulting in the reduction of the effective contact area of the connection point, the increase of the contact resistance, and the excessive heating or even burning of the connection point.

One of the classification of copper tubes. The common wave shape is a single copper tube. Hyperbolic means that two different arcs overlap on the same surface, that is, starting from different circle centers, draw arcs in two radii. The red copper tube is a module made of double curves designed according to the drawings. The red copper tube is light in weight, good in rigidity and high in strength. The shapes of the red copper tubes processed are different and can be processed into various geometric shapes such as arcs and spheres. It is beautiful, elegant and colorful. Let's talk about the two main methods of processing and forming the copper tube: The hot processing and forming method is to roll the copper tube to a roughly hyperbolic shape, then heat it, then place it on the mold prepared in advance then slowly beat it with a hammer, finally cut weld, fold, polish and polish it. The whole process needs to be very careful to ensure the surface quality of the copper tube. This forming method is very suitable for parts with small model and large arc change. When the model size is relatively large and complex, it can be considered to break it into small pieces for forming, the cost is high and the production period is long. 2 Forming method of roll bending This method is to make some modifications on the roll bending machine and change one of the shafts into a concave type and the other into a convex type. This method can form a regular copper tube like a sphere, with a small processing range, but it has great advantages for copper tubes with small radians. What problems should be paid attention to when designing the hyperboloid copper tube? Everyone knows that the design of the air conditioning copper tube is very important. To achieve the beautiful shape, exquisite workmanship and fashionable personality of the hyperboloid copper tube, first of all, the design is very critical. Some small copper tube companies are not mature enough in design and have not enough design experience so they often have problems in design, Hyperbolic copper tube is very famous for preparing some details that we should pay attention to in the design. The sculpted copper tube is highly decorative, and the production and processing technology of hyperbolic shaped copper tube is relatively complex. Copper tube products with strong aesthetics. According to the design requirements, different shapes need to be molded for the sculpted copper tube, so the production process of sculpted aluminum veneer is relatively complex.

Plastic coated copper pipe is a kind of non-metallic material pipe with light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance. The plastic coated copper pipe is made of glass fiber with resin base weight, and the stone sand is laid on the ground evenly for a long distance in the middle of the chemical fiber as the intermediate weathering layer. The price quotations of plastic coated copper pipes with different thicknesses are also different. Here, we will explain the factors that determine the thickness of the plastic coated copper pipe design scheme. Appearance and specification of mpp cable duct 1 Color: generally orange red, other colors can be implemented according to the contract of both parties. 2 Appearance quality: The inner and outer walls of the pipe fittings shall be smooth clean and even, and shall be free of steam bubbles, cracks, cracks, molting, and obvious marks, dents, residues, dissolved discoloration lines and uneven colors. The inner holes of the pipe shall be laser cut and leveled and vertical to the pipe centerline. The inner holes shall be smooth and free of burrs. Specification: The length of pipe fittings is generally 6000 or 9000mm, which can also be negotiated by both parties. The specification error shall conform to dl/t801; The bending degree of the hose shall not exceed 1% of the nominal pressure. Some key points in the process of embedding plastic coated copper pipe: the embedding process of plastic coated copper pipe is very worthy of great attention. Although the actual operation in the process of embedding is relatively simple, there may be many key points. Pay special attention to the leveling and straightness of the road surface when threading, In other words, if the road surface is seriously uneven, it is seriously affected by external forces. Relevant countermeasures must be taken, and fine sand and dirt should also be prohibited from seeping into the pipe during the burial process, so as to diligently maintain its compliance with the regulations during the burial process. The process of embedding the plastic coated copper pipe involves the problem of marking. In fact, the marking that can be carried out according to this marking in the process of maintenance and repair is the key inspection index value of the commodity. If it is found that there is a problem with a certain section of cable, it is only necessary to find matching marks for immediate maintenance. Number of layers of cloth stacking: all layers are made strictly according to the design scheme, without additional construction, which increases the cost. 2 Resin: high temperature resistance, not easy to deform under stress. Plastic coated copper pipes are generally assembled from high-quality SMC water tank plates. Its characteristic is that it can select food grade stainless steel resin. Therefore, in view of the good water body, clean up the natural environment and zero pollution, the commodity development trend has certain characteristics such as high compressive strength, light weight, beautiful and generous appearance design scheme long service life, and more convenient management methods in maintenance. Cloth quality: the specification of cloth surface is the same, pure platinum cloth is thick, which ensures the bearing pressure of the products. In addition, if you must select the thickened type, you can yze the vertical cross type difficult winding when winding the winding machine, until the thickness and compressive strength of the thickened type are basically achieved.

Advantages: low investment cost, low production cost, high output and low price.

Some problems. For example, in the preliminary manufacturing of copper tubes for air conditioners for automobiles, and then the copper tubes for air conditioners for automobiles can be manufactured, followed by pickling. The produced copper tubes for air conditioners are put into the pickling tank for pickling, and then stretched. Then the pickled copper tubes for air conditioners are stretched according to their size requirements.

Latest quotation.Now let me talk about the damages that are easy to occur on the surface of the copper tube. In order to prevent the accumulation of process agents or products and/or dirt, scratches and other rough surfaces, mechanical cleaning must be carried out. If the copper pipe is heated to a certain high temperature in the air during welding or grinding, lower surface and bottom of the weld. The color after tempering is thinner than that of the oxidation protective film and is clearly visible. The color depends on the thickness. The thicker oxide can be found in the rainbow color, purple to brown. It is usually black. It is caused by being at high temperature or being at high temperature for a long time. When any of these oxide layers exist, and the corrosion resistance of these areas will. In this case, it is not only necessary to heat temper the color and other oxide layers, but also to clean the chromium poor metal layer under it. Free iron on the surface of t2 copper tube will rust, causing corrosion of stainless steel. Therefore,Caseres40Mn2 alloy steel plate, the powder that must float can usually be removed together with the dust. Some are very sticky and must be treated as embedded iron. In addition to dust, there are many surface iron sources, including cleaning with ordinary carbon steel wire brush and shot peening with sand, glass beads or other abrasives previously used on ordinary carbon steel, low alloy steel or cast iron, or regrinding non stainless steel products attached to copper pipe components and equipment. If there is no protection during cutting or hoisting, the wire ropes, slings and iron on the working surface can easily be embedded or dirty the surface. The copper tube shall be boiled in boiling water for 30 seconds before cold treatment. The effective internal stress is about 15%, and the residual austenite reaches the effect. Then, the cold treatment can be carried out as usual. Of course, the second suggestion is to choose the normal treatment at minus 60 degrees, and then conduct deep cooling at minus 120 degrees. The lower the treatment temperature is, the retained austenite will be rapidly transformed into martensite, but it cannot be transformed. Through experiments, it can be found that there will be about 2% of retained austenite. At this time, the air conditioning copper pipes need to be taken out and put into hot water for heating, which can effectively heat about 40% of the cold treatment stress. Tempering and cold treatment should be carried out as soon as possible after gradual heating, and most of them can avoid cracks as soon as possible, so as to ensure that the products will not deform in later use and facilitate daily storage. The transformation characteristics of the area of each layer of the copper tube during empty drawing affect the asymmetry of the deformation of the metal material. One of its characteristics is that the natural widening of each layer along the wall thickness is not consistent. Of course, the external layer of the copper tube is less, the internal surface layer of the copper tube is larger, and the natural widening of the middle layers is slow from the external layer to the internal surface layer.The technical level of degreasing copper tube for mechanical equipment With the substantial improvement of the manufacturing level of mechanical equipment and the degree of control automation in China, there is still some gap between the technical level of domestic degreasing copper tube production line and the products of foreign counterparts. After years of reform and opening up. The quality of all aspects of degreased copper pipe has also risen by several grades, significantly narrowing the quality gap with the imported production line. The aluminum hose production line and aluminum can production line developed and produced by the company break the technological monopoly of foreign companies, can provide stable and reliable production equipment for domestic and international markets, and make great contributions to the aluminum packaging industry. With the continuous improvement of people's living standards there will be more and more demand for degreased copper tube products, and its market potential is huge. Problems such as incomplete penetration, deformation, cracks and air holes are easy to occur during the fusion welding of degreased copper tubes. Compared with fusion welding, wood is not melted during brazing, which reduces the impact of large thermal conductivity of base metal on welding quality, prevents the formation of incomplete penetration, reduces the tendency to produce pores and cracks, and ensures the performance of weld. Because the base metal is not melted, the structure and properties of the base metal are almost unchanged, so that the original service properties of the base metal can be maintained.

At the same time, it is also a necessary equipment in the family. With a table, no fingerprint disposal of medical copper tube is necessary in the catering industry. Only when you cook food can you have a place to enjoy it.

The price can be changed, and the transaction is affected. According to the feedback from the spot operation, the morning market transaction did not follow the temperature rise: after 9:00, the dealers took turns to raise the price, which was in disorder; Before ten o'clock, it was not as expected, and users were very cautious in purchasing; Around 11:00, the surrounding markets became loose and the price was low. High hanging, low selling, and low volume. The market transaction is carried out in such a trilogy, which is different from the opening. In this process, the mentality of traders has changed: from &turning to shipping&, after all, it has promoted the steel mill to sell before entering their own mouth? This is a &manic& market again: failed to continue to rise, spot prices rose; The construction site plan is not much,CaseresCopper plate, and the market transaction is weak - this week's trading days, the spot price rose, and the transaction was less than expected. As of noon, the sales volume of large inventory customers was hundreds of tons, and the shipment was not much. Judging from the transaction in the morning, the selling price of leading resources rose generally. Among the resources in Kuti, the base price of t2 copper tube was 5050 yuan/ton, and the price of earthquake resistant spiral snail was 5350 yuan; Among the resources provided by the factory, the basic price of threads of Zhongtian, Yonggang and Shagang is 5130 yuan, and the differential between spiral and t2 copper pipes is 360-380 yuan/ton. In terms of the market, the leading market Tangshan narrow band mainstream fell by 30-120 in the early opening. The overall trading situation of copper bars was weak. Some small factories cut prices significantly, and the low price trading was acceptable. Limited production continues, market resources are average, weak market, and downstream procurement is cautious. 355 is the consolidation of the medium broadband market. Today's futures continue to fluctuate. Traders are less willing to ship at low prices and have a strong mood. However, under the pressure of futures, the trading atmosphere in the spot market is not good. Copper bars continued to fluctuate in the morning, and traders were affected by multiple factors to make a small weak tone trial deal. From the commercial account, we know that there are few high market transactions, few inquiry calls, and a slightly pessimistic attitude. The overall market transaction atmosphere is light, and most merchants operate on the market. At present, the downstream demand is still low, the demand for terminal replenishment is low, and the purchasing enthusiasm is not high. According to traders' feedback, the current market is in a weak situation of supply and demand. Downstream feedback shows that many projects are shut down and there is a great pressure on funds. However, the relevant economic data and side news are too bearish, so the futures market is difficult to rebound and the spot market is mainly responsible for the subsequent drop. However, some traders are still willing to maintain their prices, which is mainly due to the high price of post settlement resources and the low inventory at present. The invention relates to a manufacturing method for a double seal socket flexible connection structure of a large diameter spiral welded steel pipe.

Use the medical copper tube table to eat. Because of the unique of the medical copper tube, when the oil drops on the table, it will only stick to the table, but not penetrate the table. Only with a slight wipe of the rag, the oil stains will be easily disappeared. In this case, when cleaning large canteens, the liquidators do not need to spend much effort but are relaxed. They just need to prepare a rag and a basin of clean water, and then carefully scrub it. t2 Medical Copper Tube Company thinks that the medical copper tube table is only made of the surface of the medical copper tube, and its exterior is not made of the medical copper tube. The price is cheaper than the wooden table, which is extremely suitable for a small amount of purchase. The medical copper tube has a natural bright and beautiful feeling. The color is extremely blended and can stop the very good embellishment and reaction with the color in the surrounding situations. Now, let's understand some STEPs of the appearance processing of medical copper tubes. There are about five different methods for the appearance processing of medical copper tubes. Connect to t2 Medical Copper Tube Company and introduce them to the master. In addition, these methods can also stop the combined processing and create more medical copper tubes with different appearances. No matter which method is used, the following STEPs should be followed. First, before processing, and then a sample should be selected as the standard for future consumption. The second part, when using it, we should guarantee that the coils of the base we choose to use and the coils that are not yet used are the third of the same model and batch. If they are used in some construction, such as elevators, we should pay attention to the unexpected selection of materials. In some places with extraordinary contrast it is not appropriate to use the mirror t2 medical copper tubes. When processing, it is necessary to select the appropriate manufacturing process, such as weld grinding, how to restore the appearance. Class For the processing of the appearance of some textured t2 medical copper tubes, pay attention to the bias, which is also called unidirectionality. For example, it is not easy to apply the dirty residue on the appearance of t2 medical copper tubes. It is extremely easy when they are clean. When finishing, STEP of the process used should be added, so the cost also needs to be added. Therefore, and when selecting the planning and design staff t2 Medical Copper Tube Company revealed that Panbo consumers should carefully select according to the situation, they should have a full understanding of the appearance of t2 Medical Copper Tube. Since the birth of medical copper tube, it has been widely used in food, chemical industry, crude oil, machine manufacturing and other industries for its superior . It is precisely because of this kind of universal needs that people are increasingly demanding for medical copper tubes. Although this kind of situation is basically conducive to the development of the medical copper tube industry. Having said so much, the editor of this website will introduce the most popular technology in the medical copper tube industry -- the medical copper tube appearance fingerprint free disposal punishment technology. Mentioned here, I believe that many enemies have learned the greatest advantages of this kind of technology from the name. However, do you know that this is nothing more than a contrast of significant and abstract advantages. The most one-sided introduction is also my face. The medical copper tube after adopting this kind of technical treatment has a smooth appearance and soft hand feeling, and ordinary dust and impurities are not easy to adhere. Therefore, it is also extremely easy to clean. If the ordinary dust is probably dirt, just wipe it with a wet rag and you will lose the clean and smooth appearance. Because the implementation of this kind of craft is to use electroplating oil to shine the film on the red interior line, so it has the characteristics of being tough and not easily scratched. This prevents the possibility that some slight bumps may damage the medical copper tube. It also allows the medical copper tube to be used twice as quickly. Stop the fingerprint free disposal and punish the medical copper tube after the accident. It also loses great promotion in appearance. As the saying goes, a superior appearance can always leave the best impression. Therefore, compared with the medical copper tube after the punishment and the medical copper tube without the punishment, it can often be welcomed by customers and enemies.Hot rolling and hot expansion. The main processing procedures include the blank sawing process, and the production process of the air conditioning copper pipe in the tower mainly includes cold drawing. Ring furnace heating process, piercing process, pipe rolling process, cooling bed process, straightening process, pipe cutting soot blowing process magnetic flux leakage detection process, surface inspection, length measurement and weighing to packaging and warehousing. Key points: yield strength limit: when the external force borne by the air conditioning copper tube sample exceeds the elastic limit of the material, although the stress no longer increases, the sample still has obvious plastic deformation. This phenomenon is called yield, that is, when the material bears an external force to a certain extent, its deformation is no longer in direct proportion to the external force, resulting in obvious plastic deformation. The stress when the air conditioning copper pipe yields is called the yield strength limit and the corresponding S point in the tensile test curve is called the yield point. For air conditioning copper pipes with high plasticity, there will be an obvious yield point on the tensile curve, while for materials with low plasticity, there will be no obvious yield point, so it is difficult to calculate the yield limit according to the external force at the yield point. Therefore, in the tensile test method, it is usually specified that the stress when the gauge length on the specimen produces 0.2% plastic deformation is taken as the conditional yield limit, expressed as 0. The yield limit index can be used as the design basis for requiring that the parts do not produce obvious plastic deformation during operation.

Latest quotation.The utility model relates to a connecting structure in particular to a connecting structure of a copper tube and an aluminum row. At present, most of the copper aluminum transition joints have not been effectively protected. In this way, under the condition of long-time electrification and heating and affected by the water vapor or corrosive gas in the air, the parts at the connection point are more likely to be oxidized, resulting in the reduction of the effective contact area of the connection point, the increase of the contact resistance, and the excessive heating or even burning of the connection point.

Advantages and scope of application of copper tube ground heating At present, ground heating is not only a comfortable heating method, but also a symbol of modern life quality. More and more houses, public buildings, sports facilities, industrial facilities and other places begin to use ground heating radiator, which is an important part of ground heating. Due to the corrosion resistance of copper copper tubes are selected as the main material of radiator in many places.

The process flow of plastic coated copper pipe: the settlement price of 904l stainless steel plate is on the high side, and the price is stable. 904l stainless steel plate: last Friday, the steel plant made all the orders. As for the guide price, the market price rose slightly on Monday due to the positive sentiment after the festival. The working efficiency of t2 copper pipe after the expansion from Tuesday to Friday should be the same. Between the upper and lower clamping groove bodies of the alloy pipe to be flared, the end of the alloy pipe to be flared faces the flaring die, extends a certain length (depending on the flaring length), and then drives the upper clamping groove body to move down through the oil cylinder. Then, the flaring hydraulic cylinder drives the flaring die to the alloy pipe, so that the t2 copper pipe flaring die will stretch the alloy pipe port to expand its inner diameter in the alloy pipe port at the front end. The length of flared section can be 20200 mm. How to solve the crack of plastic coated copper pipe? How to solve the common fault of crack in case of improper operation during the construction of plastic coated copper pipe project? If it is not handled in time, there is a serious risk. Therefore, I will carry out practical operations in strict accordance with the engineering construction specifications and requirements related to immediacy, find more practical welding processes and then ensure the welding quality of electric welding. If we continue to develop plastic coated copper pipe materials under such circumstances, and there are many reasons for the price difference. First, there are significant differences in production. Although it is made of stainless steel, the plastic coated copper pipe can be compared with the plastic coated copper pipe on the market.

Caseres.The selection of medical copper tube table, these problems are natural.

Use the medical copper tube table to eat. Because of the unique of the medical copper tube, when the oil drops on the table, it will only stick to the table, but not penetrate the table. Only with a slight wipe of the rag, the oil stains will be easily disappeared. In this case when cleaning large canteens, the liquidators do not need to spend much effort but are relaxed. They just need to prepare a rag and a basin of clean water, and then carefully scrub it. t2 Medical Copper Tube Company thinks that the medical copper tube table is only made of the surface of the medical copper tube, and its exterior is not made of the medical copper tube. The price is cheaper than the wooden table, which is extremely suitable for a small amount of purchase. The medical copper tube has a natural bright and beautiful feeling. The color is extremely blended, and can stop the very good embellishment and reaction with the color in the surrounding situations. Now, let's understand some STEPs of the appearance processing of medical copper tubes. There are about five different methods for the appearance processing of medical copper tubes. Connect to t2 Medical Copper Tube Company and introduce them to the master. In addition, these methods can also stop the combined processing and create more medical copper tubes with different appearances. No matter which method is used, before processing, the agreement should be stopped with the manufacturer, and then a sample should be selected as the standard for future consumption. The second part, when using it, we should guarantee that the coils of the base we choose to use and the coils that are not yet used are the third of the same model and batch. If they are used in some construction, such as elevators, we should pay attention to the unexpected selection of materials. In some places with extraordinary contrast, it is not appropriate to use the mirror t2 medical copper tubes. When processing it is necessary to select the appropriate manufacturing process, how to restore the appearance. Class For the processing of the appearance of some textured t2 medical copper tubes, pay attention to the bias, which is also called unidirectionality. For example, if the lines used are vertical rather than horizontal, it is not easy to apply the dirty residue on the appearance of t2 medical copper tubes. It is extremely easy when they are clean. When finishing, STEP of the process used should be added, so the cost also needs to be added. Therefore, when selecting the appearance of the processing, t2 Medical Copper Tube Company revealed that Panbo consumers should carefully select according to the situation, and when selecting the planning and design staff, they should have a full understanding of the appearance of t2 Medical Copper Tube. Since the birth of medical copper tube, chemical industry, machine manufacturing and other industries for its superior . It is precisely because of this kind of universal needs that people are increasingly demanding for medical copper tubes. Although this kind of situation is basically conducive to the development of the medical copper tube industry. Having said so much, the editor of this website will introduce the most popular technology in the medical copper tube industry -- the medical copper tube appearance fingerprint free disposal punishment technology. Mentioned here, I believe that many enemies have learned the greatest advantages of this kind of technology from the name. However, do you know that this is nothing more than a contrast of significant and abstract advantages. The most one-sided introduction is also my face. The medical copper tube after adopting this kind of technical treatment has a smooth appearance and soft hand feeling, and ordinary dust and impurities are not easy to adhere. Therefore, it is also extremely easy to clean. If the ordinary dust is probably dirt, just wipe it with a wet rag and you will lose the clean and smooth appearance. Because the implementation of this kind of craft is to use electroplating oil to shine the film on the red interior line, a superior appearance can always leave the best impression. Therefore, compared with the medical copper tube after the punishment and the medical copper tube without the punishment, it can often be welcomed by customers and enemies.Hot rolling and hot expansion. The main processing procedures include the blank sawing process, and the production process of the air conditioning copper pipe in the tower mainly includes cold drawing. Ring furnace heating process, piercing process, pipe rolling process, sizing process, cooling bed process, pipe cutting soot blowing process, magnetic flux leakage detection process, surface inspection, length measurement and weighing to packaging and warehousing. Key points: yield strength limit: when the external force borne by the air conditioning copper tube sample exceeds the elastic limit of the material, although the stress no longer increases, the sample still has obvious plastic deformation. This phenomenon is called yield, that is, when the material bears an external force to a certain extent, its deformation is no longer in direct proportion to the external force, resulting in obvious plastic deformation. The stress when the air conditioning copper pipe yields is called the yield strength limit, and the corresponding S point in the tensile test curve is called the yield point. For air conditioning copper pipes with high plasticity, there will be an obvious yield point on the tensile curve, while for materials with low plasticity, there will be no obvious yield point, so it is difficult to calculate the yield limit according to the external force at the yield point. Therefore, in the tensile test method, it is usually specified that the stress when the gauge length on the specimen produces 0.2% plastic deformation is taken as the conditional yield limit, expressed as 0. The yield limit index can be used as the design basis for requiring that the parts do not produce obvious plastic deformation during operation.

Copper tube can be strengthened by heat treatment, its strength is higher than that of copper tube, and its high temperature oxidation resistance is also better. When the aluminum content is greater than 7% and 8%, the strength increases, but the plasticity drops sharply. Therefore, it is mostly used as cast or after hot working. The abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance of copper tube in atmosphere, seawater, seawater carbonic acid and most organic acids are higher than those of copper tube. Copper tubes can be made.